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And what of those proselytes who are not descended from Jacob?
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That's a good question. Those who have been absorbed into the Jewish community are now Jews, like Rabab and Ruth's descendents became Jews, like Christ Himself. Studies of European Jews suggest about 5% per century inbreeding, which is why you get differences in coloring etc.. between them and Sephardic Jews.
The tricky parts are when there was mass conversion by non-Jewish people. People like the Karait Jews seem to have been of Turkic stock. So what of them? They've got the religion, but not the genes. In fact several hundred were allowed to join the Waffen SS during WW2 and allowed to practice their religion, as the nazi's saw Jews in ethnic terms primarily rather than religious.
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Also, since the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, can any Jew truly trace their geneology back to Jacob? (I know some claim they can)
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The so-called "Cohen gene" was referred to already in this thread. There are several modern studies, and I can dig some out if you wish, but the answer is pretty clear that for the most part, those who call themselves Jews are descendants of Jacob.