The first statement could possibly be construed as a "Some A is B" proposition, while the second statement contains an "All A is B" proposition. A = Professors of the true religion and their chidlren, B = Members of the visible church.

Another way to say #1 would be "...is a society made up of the kind of people who profess the true religion and their children." The second sentence states that not only some, or "some indefinite amount," but all of A are B. I could say "My Greek class is made up of such students as are good at languages" but that does not mean that all students who are good at languages are in my Greek class. The added "all" in #2 clarifies that no one who professes the true religion is outside of the visible church. IMO it bases the definition of "visible church" on where the believers are, instead of making the visible church an abstract entity to which those who profess the true religion happen to be a part.

As Casey said, though, the "all ages and places" could be taken to make up for the lack of "all" before "such."

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DAVIDIVS DOCTVS VTRIVSQVE LINGVAE
Husband of Emilia
Member: First Reformed Presbyterian Church of Durham (RPCNA) - Durham, NC
Currently in the process of transferring membership to an as-yet-undecided church in Chapel Hill
Student: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, German Literature and Classics